Personalized capnography

ABSTRACT

Control logic, device and method including same configured to receive a measured carbon dioxide (CO2) related parameter of a patient, to obtain a patient specific baseline for said CO2 related parameter, the patient specific baseline determined based on a characteristic of the patient; to compute a deviation of the measured CO2 related parameter from the patient specific baseline; and to trigger an alarm when the deviation crosses a predetermined threshold value.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/267,524, filed May 1, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,983,181, the contents of which are herein expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to the field of personalized capnography and alarm management.

BACKGROUND

Medical monitoring devices provide crucial data regarding a patient's medical condition. For example capnographs measure and provides values of the carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration in exhaled breath, and as such may be used to characterize patient's ventilation functioning.

The medical devices are often configured to trigger an alarm alerting health care providers that a monitored parameter deviates from a threshold value. For example, a capnograph may set off an alarm when deviations or changes in the patient's CO₂ levels are detected.

SUMMARY

Aspects of the disclosure, in some embodiments thereof, relate to personalized configured to interpret CO₂ waveforms according to a patient's personal data and medical history. The personalized capnography disclosed herein may facilitate the clinicians to swiftly obtain a refined assessment of a patient's respiratory status. Furthermore, the personalized capnography may also be utilized to reduce the number of false alarms.

Frequent non-actionable alarms are a common complaint of caregivers. These alarms disrupt clinical workflow, are troubling to the patient and his or her surroundings, and may lead to alarm fatigue amongst the medical personnel. As a consequence thereof, true alerts may be overseen, as the alarm is ignored or even turned off, with a possibly tragic outcome.

According to some embodiments, the control logic, disclosed herein, is configured to obtain a measured carbon dioxide (CO₂) related parameter(s) of a patient, to obtain a patient specific baseline for the CO₂ related parameter(s), the patient specific baseline determined based on a characteristic(s) of the patient, and to compute a deviation of the measured CO₂ related parameter(s) from the patient specific baseline CO₂.

This may enable to trigger an alarm only when the measured CO₂ related parameter(s) deviates from a “personal” baseline rather than an “absolute” baseline common to all patients. Thus, the control logic, disclosed herein enables reducing the amount of both false positive and false negative alarms by personalizing the alarm settings. This may in turn avoid disruption of clinicians' workflow while enhancing the confidence in the remaining alarms, consequently reducing the risk of clinicians discounting true alert.

According to some embodiments, the control logic, disclosed herein, is configured to receive a measured CO₂ related parameter(s), to obtain a patient specific first baseline for the CO₂ related parameter, the patient specific first baseline determined based on a background variable of the patient, and to obtain a patient specific second baseline for the CO₂ related parameter, the patient specific second baseline determined based on the background variable and on a background disease of the patient. The control logic is further configured to compute a first deviation value based on a deviation of the measured CO₂ related parameter from the first baseline and to compute a second deviation value based on a deviation of the measured CO₂ related parameter from the second baseline.

The control logic may thereby enable the caregiver to rapidly assess to what extent measurements obtained from a patient are anomalous relative to normal subjects sharing the same background variable(s) and relative to subjects sharing the same background variable(s) as well as the same background disease(s).

According to some embodiments, there is provided a control logic configured to receive a measured carbon dioxide (CO₂) related parameter of a patient, obtain a patient specific baseline for the CO₂ related parameter, the patient specific baseline determined based on a characteristic of the patient; compute a deviation of the measured CO₂ related parameter from the patient specific baseline; and trigger an alarm When the deviation crosses a predetermined threshold value.

According to some embodiments, the CO₂ related parameter may include end tidal CO₂ (EtCO₂), respiration rate, waveform shape, waveform scale or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

According to some embodiments, the patient characteristic may include age, sex, weight, fitness, background disease or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

According to some embodiments, the background disease may include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

According to some embodiments, the CO₂ related parameter may include an algorithmically-derived index of multiple CO₂ related parameters. According to some embodiments, the algorithmically-derived index of multiple CO₂ related parameters is computed by:

(a) characterizing a first measured CO₂ related parameter based on a comparison of the first measured CO₂ related parameter against a first reference value;

(b) characterizing a second measured CO₂ related parameter based on a comparison of the second measured CO₂ related parameter against a second reference value; and

(c) computing the index value based on values associated with each of the characterized first and second measured CO₂ related parameters.

According to some embodiments, the patient specific baseline is a CO₂ related parameter obtained from said patient prior to a medical procedure. According to some embodiments, the patient specific baseline is a CO₂ related parameter representative of patients having the same patient characteristic. According to some embodiments, the representative CO₂ related parameter is provided to said control logic through a user interphase.

According to some embodiments, the control logic may be configured to up-load the patient specific baseline carbon dioxide (CO₂) related parameter and the measured carbon dioxide (CO₂) related parameter to a remote database. According to some embodiments, the database may be continuously up-loaded. According to some embodiments, the database may be configured to compute an integrated data-set (e.g. an integrated patient specific baseline carbon dioxide (CO₂) related parameter) specific to patients having the same background characteristics (e.g. suffering from a particular background disease).

According to some embodiments, there is provided a control logic configured to receive a measured CO₂ related parameter from a patient; to obtain a patient specific first baseline for the CO₂ related parameter, the patient specific first baseline determined based on a background variable of the patient; to obtain a patient specific second baseline for the CO₂ related parameter, the patient specific second baseline determined based on the background variable and on a background disease of the patient; to compute a first deviation value based on a deviation of the measured CO₂ related parameter from the first baseline; and to compute a second deviation value based on a deviation of the measured CO₂ related parameter from the second baseline.

According to some embodiments, the control logic may be configured to display the first and second deviation values.

According to some embodiments, the control logic may be configured to trigger an alarm when the second deviation crosses a predetermined threshold value. According to some embodiments, the control logic may be configured to trigger an alert when the first deviation crosses a predetermined threshold value.

According to some embodiments, the CO₂ related parameter may include end tidal CO₂ (EtCO₂), respiration rate, waveform shape, waveform scale or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

According to some embodiments, the background variable may include age, sex, weight, fitness or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

According to some embodiments, the background disease may include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

According to some embodiments, the CO₂ related parameter may include an algorithmically-derived index of multiple CO₂ related parameters. According to some embodiments, the algorithmically-derived index of multiple CO₂ related parameters is computed by:

(a) characterizing a first measured CO₂ related parameter based on a comparison of the first measured CO₂ related parameter against a first reference value;

(b) characterizing a second measured CO₂ related parameter based on a comparison of the second measured CO₂ related parameter against a second reference value; and

(c) computing the index value based on values associated with each of the characterized first and second measured CO₂ related parameters.

According to some embodiments, the control logic may be configured to up-load the patient specific baseline carbon dioxide (CO₂) related parameter and the measured carbon dioxide (CO₂) related parameter to a remote database. According to some embodiments, the database may be continuously up-loaded. According to some embodiments, the database may be configured to compute an integrated data-set (e.g. an integrated patient specific baseline carbon dioxide (CO₂) related parameter) specific to patients having the same background characteristics (e.g. suffering from a particular background disease).

Certain embodiments of the present disclosure may include some, all, or none of the above advantages. One or more technical advantages may be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the figures, descriptions and claims included herein. Moreover, while specific advantages have been enumerated above, various embodiments may include all, some or none of the enumerated advantages.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Some embodiments of the disclosure are described herein with reference to the accompanying figures. The description, together with the figures, makes apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art how some embodiments of the disclosure may be practiced. The figures are for the purpose of illustrative discussion and no attempt is made to show structural details of an embodiment in more detail than is necessary for a fundamental understanding of the teachings of the disclosure.

FIG. 1 is an illustrative flowchart of the operation of a control logic, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 2 is an illustrative flowchart of the operation of a control logic, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 3 is an illustrative flowchart of the operation of a control logic, according to some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, various aspects of the disclosure will be described. For the purpose of explanation, specific configurations and details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the different aspects of the disclosure. However, it will also be apparent to one skilled in the art that the disclosure may be practiced without specific details being presented herein. Furthermore, well-known features may be omitted or simplified in order not to obscure the disclosure.

The present disclosure relates generally to the field of personalized capnography and alarm management.

There is provided, according to some embodiments, a control logic configured to receive a measured carbon dioxide (CO₂) related parameter of a patient, and to obtain a patient specific baseline for the CO₂ related parameter, the patient specific baseline determined based on a characteristic of the patient. The control logic may then compute a deviation of the measured CO₂ related parameter from the patient specific baseline; and trigger an alarm if the deviation crosses a predetermined threshold value.

As referred to herein, the terms “patient” and “subject” may interchangeably be used and may relate to a subject being monitored by a capnograph or any other device configured to monitor CO₂ related parameters.

As used herein, the terms “clinician” and “caregiver” may be interchangeably used and may refer to any medical personnel involved in the care of the patient.

According to some embodiments, the terms “characteristic”, “variable” and “data” may be used interchangeably and may refer to any attribute of the subject which may influence CO₂ related parameter readings. According to some embodiments, the term “characteristic” may be a broader term and may include the term “variable”. According to some embodiments, patient variables may include, but are not limited to, age, sex, weight, fitness or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment. According to some embodiments, patient characteristics may include, but are not limited to age, sex, weight, fitness, background disease or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment. According to some embodiments exemplary background diseases include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (BPD), hyperventilation, hypoventilation or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

As used herein, the term “measured carbon dioxide (CO₂) related parameter” may refer to parameters obtained from capnograph readings. According to some embodiments, the parameters may be continuously obtained from the capnograph.

As used herein, the term “patient specific baseline” may refer to a parameter(s) serving as a reference point(s) to the measured CO₂ related parameters. According to some embodiments, the patient specific baseline may refer to baseline parameters incorporating and/or taking into consideration the characteristics of the patient. According to some embodiments, the baseline CO₂ related parameter is a CO₂ related parameter obtained from the (same) patient for example prior to a medical procedure. Exemplary medical procedures, typically requiring CO₂ monitoring, include sedation and surgery, but other procedures for which capnographic monitoring is recommended are also applicable. According to some embodiments, the baseline CO₂ related parameter is a CO₂ related parameter obtained from patients having the same patient characteristic(s). According to some embodiments, the baseline CO₂ related parameter may refer to data obtained from patients having the same patient characteristic(s) and stored by a computer memory for example, but not limited to, the control logic. According to some embodiments, the baseline CO₂ related parameter may refer to theoretical (textbook) data of waveforms representative of patients having the same patient characteristic(s).

According to some embodiments, the control logic may be configured to transfer and/or upload the baseline CO₂ related parameter and/or the measured carbon dioxide (CO₂) related parameter to a computer memory, for example, but not limited to a remote database or a centralized system. According to some embodiments, the up-loaded data may then be downloaded to calculate deviation values. According to some embodiments, the up-load may be continuous, semi-continuous, at predefined time points (e.g. every 5 min) or event oriented (e.g. every time an alert/alarm is triggered). It is thus understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the database may be revised in an ongoing manner. According to some embodiments, a learning algorithm may be applied to the stored data in order to further refine and/or personalize the data set and in effect the parameters calculated therefrom.

According to some embodiments, the control logic may be further configured to produce an integrated data-set specific to patients having the same background characteristics e.g. suffering from a particular background disease), based on up-loaded baseline CO₂ related parameters and/or measured carbon dioxide (CO₂) related parameters from each of the “similar” patients.

According to some embodiments, the stored data may be configured to capture the patient(s)'s response to a treatment (e.g. adjustment of ventilation machine settings), and thereby enable an improved and personalized evaluation of treatment efficiency. Moreover, the control logic may be configured to produce a treatment recommendation, such as, but not limited to, deciding on ventilation settings based on the up-loaded personal data-set.

It is understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that since the patient specific baseline differs among patients due to their different personal characteristics, the control logic enables to personalize alarm settings thereby reducing the amount of both false positive and false negative alarms.

According to some embodiments, the patient specific baseline may be retrieved by the control logic upon providing the patient characteristic(s) to the control logic. For example, the clinician may provide the patient characteristic(s) to the control logic through a user interface. According to some embodiments, the patient characteristic(s) may be encoded at the time of patient enrolment. According to some embodiments, the medical history including some or part of the patient's characteristics may be retrieved from a medical file of the patient.

According to some embodiments, the CO₂ related parameter may include end tidal CO₂ (EtCO₂), respiration rate, waveform shape, waveform scale or combinations thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

According to some embodiments “shape factors”, as used herein, may characterize and/or describe the shape or pattern of a CO₂ waveform. A shape factor may include, for example, parameters of a non-linear function describing an upstroke of the waveform. The shape factors of the waveform are generally indicative of physiological condition(s) of a patient. For example, dominant shape factors of the waveform(s) may relate to respiratory processes such as the mechanics of breathing. Shape factors may be a parameter(s) of a function or a set(s) of binary values (in the form of a vector or a matrix). It is understood to one of ordinary skill in the art, that different respiratory conditions may influence the shape of the waveform, and thus the shape factors used to describe the waveform. As a non-limiting example, the upstroke of the CO₂ waveform may be prolonged (slope decreased) in patients suffering from respiratory disorders such as COPD.

According to some embodiments, “scale factors”, as used herein, may be the waveform values and/or ratios, for example, height, width, width at half-height, duty cycle, inhalation to exhalation ratio (I to E ratio) or any other value or combination of values. Scale factor features typically relate to general processes and/or body functions, such as, perfusion, shunt, metabolism, ventilation, respiration and the like. It is understood to one of ordinary skill in the art, that different respiratory conditions may influence the scale factors used to describe the waveform. As a non-limiting example, the height of the CO₂ waveform may be decreased (EtCO₂ decreased) in patients suffering from respiratory obstruction, such as for example asthma.

According to some embodiments, the term “a” may refer to at least one. According to some embodiments, the term “at least one” may refer to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more parameters. Each possibility is a separate embodiment. For example, with regards to CO₂ related parameters, the CO₂ related parameters (measured and baseline) may be EtCO₂ and respiration rate (RR). Accordingly, the control logic may compute a delta EtCO₂ value—the deviation between the measured EtCO₂ and the baseline EtCO₂; and a delta RR—the deviation between the measured RR and the baseline RR.

According to some embodiments, the control logic may compute the deviation by simple subtraction of the measured CO₂ related parameter (e.g. measured RR) from the patient specific baseline (e.g. baseline RR).

According to some embodiments, the control logic may compute the deviation by performing statistical analysis of the deviation over a predetermined period of time. It is understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that that monitoring devices, such as for example capnographs, may continuously monitor breath samples and thus continuously provide measurements of the CO₂ related parameter(s) to the control logic. In effect, the deviation may be calculated based on a statistical analysis of n number of measurements obtained during a predetermined period of time for example y seconds. It is further understood that the measured CO₂ related parameter may be continuously updated (moving average) such that each measured CO₂ related parameter provided to the control logic may represent n number of measurements obtained during a measurement window of y seconds and updated every z seconds. According to some embodiment, the measured CO₂ related parameter provided to the control logic may represent 0.5-100 measurements. According to some embodiment, the measured CO₂ related parameter provided to the control logic may represent 2-50 measurements. According to some embodiment, the measured CO₂ related parameter provided to the control logic may represent 5-25 measurements.

According to some embodiments, the CO₂ related parameter may include an algorithmically-derived index of multiple CO₂ related parameters. According to some embodiments, the algorithmically-derived index of multiple CO₂ related parameters may be computed by:

(a) characterizing a first measured CO₂ related parameter based on a comparison of the first measured CO₂ related parameter against a first reference value;

(b) characterizing a second measured CO₂ related parameter based on a comparison of the second measured CO₂ related parameter against a second reference value; and

(c) computing the index value based on values associated with each of the characterized first and second measured CO₂ related parameters.

As used herein, the term “alarm” may refer to an audible alarm configured to alert the clinician. According to some embodiments, the clinician may be required to approach the patient in order to turn the alarm off.

As used herein, the terms “alert” and “warning” may be interchangeably used and may refer to a signal provided to a clinician, but which do not require his or hers immediate attention. According to some embodiments, the clinician may not be required to approach the patient in order to turn off the alert. As a non-limiting example, the alert may be an audible signal provided to a clinician (for example through a personal communication device such as, but not limited to a beeper or a smart phone). According to some embodiments, the alert may be stored in the medical history of the patient for further use by caregivers.

According to some embodiments, the at least one CO₂ related parameter is user selectable. It is understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that different medical parameters may be measured for different medical conditions.

According to some embodiments, the control logic is configured to store data including, but not limited to, the at least one measured CO₂ related parameter, the patient specific baseline, the deviation of the at least one measured CO₂ related parameter from the patient specific baseline, alerts, alarms or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

According to some embodiments, the data, or parts thereof, may be reported to the clinician. According to some embodiments, the reported data may serve as a tool in the assessment of the patient's condition.

According to some embodiments, there is provided a control logic configured to: receive a measured CO₂ related parameter from a patient, to obtain a patient specific first baseline for the CO₂ related parameter, the patient specific first baseline determined based on a background variable of said patient, and to compute a first deviation value based on a deviation of the measured CO₂ related parameter from the first baseline. The control logic may be further configured to obtain a patient specific second baseline for the CO₂ related parameter, the patient specific second baseline determined based on the background variable and on a background disease of the patient, and to compute a second deviation value based on a deviation of the measured CO₂ related parameter from the second baseline.

According to some embodiments, the control logic may display the first and second deviation values. This may enable the caregiver to rapidly assess to What extent measurement obtained for a patient are anomalous relative to normal subjects sharing the same background variable and relative to subjects sharing the same background variable as well as the same background disease.

According to some embodiments, the control logic may compare the first deviation value to a predetermined first threshold value and the second deviation to a predetermined second threshold value. It is understood by one of ordinary skill in the art the first threshold vale may be the same or different from the second threshold value.

According to some embodiments, the control logic may trigger an alarm when the second deviation value crosses a (second) predetermined threshold value. It is understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that this may serve to reduce the amount of actionable alarms as the alarm is triggered only when the measurements obtained are anomalous to patients suffering from the same background diseases and sharing the same background variable. According to some embodiments, the control logic may trigger an alert when the first deviation value crosses a (first) predetermined threshold value. As detailed above, the alert may not require the clinician's immediate attention, but may provide an indication to the clinician that the measurements obtained from the patient are abnormal as compared to healthy subjects having the same background variable. The alert may be an audible signal distinct from the traditional alarm in order to enable the clinician to distinguish between action requiring alarms and non-actionable alerts. According to some embodiments, the alert may be stored in the medical history of the patient (along with alarms) thereby assisting the clinician in assessing the patients respiratory status.

It is understood that the deviation required to trigger the alarm may be the same or different from the deviation required to trigger the alert. It is further understood that since the alarm settings have been personalized, the deviations required to trigger the alarm may be less than the deviation required to trigger a traditional alarm. Advantageously, the more strict deviation requirements may not elevate the number of triggered alarms, due to the personalized baseline settings.

According to some embodiments, the CO₂ related parameter may include end tidal CO₂ (EtCO₂), respiration rate, waveform shape, waveform scale or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

According to some embodiments, the background variable may include age, weight, sex, fitness or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment. It is understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that waveforms obtained from patients suffering from a background disease may deviate from normal waveforms in a manner dependent on the patient's variable(s). As a non-limiting example, a normal weight patient suffering from asthma may have a waveform closer to a ‘normal’ waveform than a patient being both overweight and suffering from asthma.

According to some embodiments, the background diseases may include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or combinations thereof. According to some embodiments, the background disease may include hyper- and hypo ventilation. According to some embodiments, the background disease provided to the control logic is ‘no background disease’.

According to some embodiments, the CO₂ related parameter may include an algorithmically-derived index of multiple CO₂ related parameters. According to some embodiments, the algorithmically-derived index of multiple CO₂ related parameters may be computed by:

-   -   (a) characterizing a first measured CO₂ related parameter based         on a comparison of the first measured CO₂ related parameter         against a first reference value;     -   (b) characterizing a second measured CO₂ related parameter based         on a comparison of the second measured CO₂ related parameter         against a second reference value; and     -   (c) computing the index value based on values associated with         each of the characterized first and second measured CO₂ related         parameters.

According to some embodiments, the first and/or second baselines may be retrieved by the control logic upon providing the background variable and the background disease to the control logic. Hence, the clinician may provide the patient background variable(s) and background disease(s) to the control logic for example through a user interface. According to some embodiments, the background variable may be encoded at the time of enrolling the patient. According to some embodiments, the medical history and and/or background variable may be retrieved from a medical file of the patient.

According to some embodiments, there is provided a medical device including a control logic configured to receive a measured carbon dioxide (CO₂) related parameter of a patient, and to obtain a patient specific baseline for the CO₂ related parameter, the patient specific baseline determined based on a characteristic of the patient. The control logic may then compute a deviation of the measured CO₂ related parameter from the patient specific baseline; and trigger an alarm if the deviation crosses a predetermined threshold value.

According to some embodiments, there is provided a medical device including a control logic configured receive a measured CO₂ related parameter from a patient, to obtain a patient specific first baseline for the CO₂ related parameter, the patient specific first baseline determined based on a background variable of said patient, and to compute a first deviation value based on a deviation of the measured CO₂ related parameter from the first baseline. The control logic may be further configured to obtain a patient specific second baseline for the CO₂ related parameter, the patient specific second baseline determined based on the background variable and on a background disease of the patient, and to compute a second deviation value based on a deviation of the measured CO₂ related parameter from the second baseline.

According to some embodiments, the medical device may be a capnograph.

According to some embodiments, the medical device includes at least one sensor. According to some embodiments, the at least one sensor is a CO₂ sensor, a flow sensor, an infra-red (IR) sensor or combinations thereof. According to some embodiments, the term “at least one” when referring to a sensor may include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more sensors. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

According to some embodiments, there is provided a method for reducing non-actionable alarms. According to some embodiments the method may include receiving a measured carbon dioxide (CO₂) related parameter of a patient, obtaining a patient specific baseline for the CO₂ related parameter, the patient specific baseline determined based on a characteristic of the patient, computing a deviation of the measured CO₂ related parameter from the patient specific baseline, and triggering an alarm if the deviation crosses a predetermined threshold value

According to some embodiments, the method may also include determining which medical parameters will be measured for example based on the medical record of the patient. According to some embodiments, the at least one measured medical parameter may include end tidal CO₂ (EtCO₂), respiration rate, waveform shape, waveform scale or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

According to some embodiments, the method may further include storing data, such as the measured CO₂ related parameter, the patient specific baseline, the deviation of the measured CO₂ related parameter from the patient specific baseline, alerts, alarms or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

According to some embodiments, there is provided a method for personalizing capnography, the method including receiving a measured CO₂ related parameter from a patient, obtaining a patient specific first baseline for the CO₂ related parameter, the patient specific first baseline determined based on a background variable of the patient, and to compute a first deviation value based on a deviation of the measured CO₂ related parameter from the first baseline. The method may further include obtaining a patient specific second baseline for the CO₂ related parameter, the patient specific second baseline determined based on the background variable and on a background disease of the patient, and to compute a second deviation value based on a deviation of the measured CO₂ related parameter from the second baseline.

According to some embodiments, the method includes displaying the first and/or second deviation values.

According to some embodiment, the method includes triggering an alarm when the second deviation value crosses a predetermined threshold value. According to some embodiments, the method includes triggering an alert when the first deviation value crosses a predetermined threshold value.

According to some embodiments, the method may include determining which medical parameters will be measured for example based on the medical record of the patient. According to some embodiments, the at least one measured medical parameter may include end tidal CO₂ (EtCO₂), respiration rate, waveform shape, waveform scale or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

According to some embodiments, the method may include storing data, such as the measured CO₂ related parameter, the patient specific baseline, the deviation of the measured CO₂ related parameter from the patient specific baseline, alerts, alarms or any combination thereof. Each possibility is a separate embodiment.

Before explaining at least one embodiment in detail, it is to be understood that aspects of the embodiments are not necessarily limited in their application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components and/or methods set forth herein. Some embodiments may be practiced or carried out in various ways. The phraseology and terminology employed herein are for descriptive purpose and should not be regarded as limiting.

Reference is now made to FIG. 1 which is an illustrative flowchart of the operation of a control logic, according to some embodiments. At step 100, the control logic receives a measured carbon dioxide (CO₂) related parameter(s) of a patient having certain patient characteristic(s). At step 110, the control logic obtains a patient specific baseline for the CO₂ related parameter, the patient specific baseline determined based on the same patient characteristic(s). At step 120, the control logic computes a deviation of the measured CO₂ related parameter(s) from a patient specific baseline. Does the deviation cross a predetermined threshold value, the control logic triggers an alarm, in step 130 b. Otherwise, the control logic returns to step 100 if the threshold value has not been crossed, as described in step 130 a.

Reference is now made to FIG. 2 which is an illustrative flowchart of the operation of a control logic, according to some embodiments. At step 200, the control logic receives a measured carbon dioxide (CO₂) related parameter(s) of a patient determined as having certain background variable(s) and optionally background disease(s). At step 210 a, the control logic obtains a patient specific first baseline for the CO₂ related parameter, the patient specific first baseline determined based on the (same) background variable(s) of the patient. At step 210 b, the control logic obtains a patient specific second baseline for the CO₂ related parameter; the patient specific second baseline determined based on the (same) characteristic(s) and background disease(s) of the patient. At step 220 a and 220 b, the control logic computes a first and a second deviation value, respectively, based on a deviation of the measured CO₂ related parameter(s) from the obtained first and second baselines.

Reference is now made to FIG, 3 which is an illustrative flowchart of the operation of a control logic, according to some embodiments. At step 300, the control logic receives a measured carbon dioxide (CO₂) related parameter(s) of a patient determined as having certain background variable(s) and optionally background disease(s). At step 310 a, the control logic obtains a patient specific first baseline for the CO₂ related parameter, the patient specific first baseline determined based on the (same) background variable(s) of the patient. At step 310 b, the control logic obtains a patient specific second baseline for the CO₂ related parameter, the patient specific second baseline determined based on the (same) characteristic(s) and background disease(s) of the patient. At step 320 a, the control logic computes a first deviation value based on a deviation of the measured CO₂ related parameter(s) from the obtained first baseline. Has the first threshold value been crossed, the control logic triggers an alert, as in step 330 b. Otherwise, if the first threshold value has not been crossed, the control logic returns to step 300, as described in step 330 a. Similarly, at step 320 b, the control logic computes a second deviation value based on a deviation of the measured CO₂ related parameter(s) from the obtained second baseline. Has the second threshold value been crossed, the control logic triggers an alarm, as described in step 330 c. It is understood to one of ordinary skill in the art, that steps 320 a, and 320 b (and subsequent steps 330 a/b and 330 c) may be performed simultaneously. Alternatively, step 320 a may be performed in a sequential manner (prior to or after) steps 320 b.

It is further understood that variations may occur in the operation of the control logic and that numerous cycles of operation is inherent to the operation of the logic although a single operation cycle is also optional.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” or “comprising”, when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, or components, but do not preclude or rule out the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, or groups thereof.

While a number of exemplary aspects and embodiments have been discussed above, those of skill in the art will recognize certain modifications, additions and sub-combinations thereof. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims and claims hereafter introduced be interpreted to include all such modifications, additions and sub-combinations as are within their true spirit and scope. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for personalized patient monitoring, comprising: measuring a CO₂ related parameter of a patient using a CO₂ sensor of a capnograph positioned on the patient; and using a processor to: determine a first patient specific baseline for the CO₂ related parameter that is based on a characteristic of the patient; determine a second patient specific baseline for the CO₂ related parameter that is based on a health condition of the patient; determine a first deviation of the CO₂ related parameter based on a relationship between the first patient specific baseline and the CO₂ related parameter; determine a second deviation of the CO₂ related parameter based on a relationship between the second patient specific baseline and the CO₂ related parameter; determine a respiratory condition of the patient based on the first deviation and the second deviation; output an alarm associated with the respiratory condition of the patient in response to the second deviation being outside a first predetermined threshold value; and output an alert associated with an abnormal CO₂ related parameter in response to the first deviation being outside a second predetermined threshold value.
 2. The method of claim 1, comprising using the processor to output a treatment recommendation based on the CO₂ related parameter, the first patient specific baseline, the second patient specific baseline, or any combination thereof.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the treatment recommendation comprises an adjustment to a ventilation setting.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first patient specific baseline is a CO₂ related parameter obtained from the same patient.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the patient characteristic comprises age, sex, weight, fitness, and combinations thereof.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the health condition comprises asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), broncho pulmonary dysplasia (BPD), or any combination thereof.
 7. The method of claim 1, comprising using the processor to instruct transfer of the patient specific baseline, the CO₂ related parameter, or both, to a remote database.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the CO₂ related parameter comprises end tidal CO₂ (EtCO₂), respiration rate, waveform shape, waveform scale, an index of multiple CO₂ related parameters, or any combination thereof.
 9. The method of claim 1, comprising displaying the CO₂ related parameter, the first deviation, the second deviation, or any combination thereof.
 10. A patient monitoring system, comprising: a capnograph comprising a CO₂ sensor configured to measure a CO₂ related parameter of a patient; and a processor configured to: determine a patient specific baseline for the CO₂ related parameter based on a characteristic of the patient and a health condition of the patient; determine a deviation of the CO₂ related parameter based on a relationship between the patient specific baseline and the CO₂ related parameter; determine a respiratory condition of the patient based on the deviation; output an alarm associated with the respiratory condition of the patient in response to the deviation being outside a first predetermined threshold value; and output a treatment recommendation in response to the CO₂ related parameter, the patient specific baseline, or both.
 11. The patient monitoring system of claim 10, wherein the treatment recommendation comprises an adjustment to a ventilation setting.
 12. The patient monitoring system of claim 10, wherein the patient characteristic comprises age, sex, weight, fitness, or any combination thereof.
 13. The patient monitoring system of claim 10, wherein the health condition comprises asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), broncho pulmonary dysplasia (BPD), or any combination thereof.
 14. The patient monitoring system of claim 10, wherein the CO₂ related parameter comprises end tidal CO₂ (EtCO₂), respiration rate, waveform shape, waveform scale, an index of multiple CO₂ related parameters, or any combination thereof.
 15. The patient monitoring system of claim 10, wherein the processor is configured to determine an additional deviation of the CO₂ related parameter based on a relationship between an additional patient specific baseline and the CO₂ related parameter, and to output an alert associated with an abnormal CO₂ related parameter in response to the additional deviation being outside another predetermined threshold value.
 16. A method for personalized patient monitoring, comprising: using a processor to: receive a CO₂ related parameter as measured by a CO₂ sensor of a capnograph, wherein the CO₂ related parameter is an index of multiple CO₂ related parameters; determine a patient specific baseline for the CO₂ related parameter based on a characteristic and health condition of the patient; determine a deviation of the CO₂ related parameter based on a relationship between the patient specific baseline and the CO₂ related parameter; determine a respiratory condition of the patient based on the deviation; and output an alarm associated with the respiratory condition of the patient in response to the deviation being outside a first predetermined threshold value.
 17. The method of claim 16, comprising using the processor to determine an additional deviation of the CO₂ related parameter based on a relationship between an additional patient specific baseline and the CO₂ related parameter, and to output an alert associated with an abnormal CO₂ related parameter in response to the additional deviation being outside another predetermined threshold value.
 18. The method of claim 17, comprising determining the index of multiple CO₂ related parameters by: comparing a first CO₂ related parameter to a first reference value to characterize the first CO₂ related parameter; comparing a second CO₂ related parameter to a second reference value to characterize the second CO₂ related parameter; and generating an index value based on values associated with each characterized first and second CO₂ related parameter.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the health condition comprises asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), broncho pulmonary dysplasia (BPD), or any combination thereof.
 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the CO₂ related parameter comprises end tidal CO₂ (EtCO₂), respiration rate, waveform shape, waveform scale, or any combination thereof. 